Market Structure Simulation

Market Structure Simulation Quasar Computers When industries are selling similar products this makes up market structure. I will be discussing economic profit that Quasar computer is able to make. The market structure is made of the following pure monopoly, pure competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. In the simulation I learn about pricing and non pricing strategies and understanding the diverse market structure. Quasar put out a new first all-optical notebook that is called Neutron. Quasar had to come with strategy regarding price and gain profit while having the only notebook on the market and monopolizing. To give a basic overview we Quasar set the price at $2,550 per notebook to create a place and so that marginal cost will equal to marginal revenue. In 2004 Quasar Computers had to review the advertising. The recommendation was $500 million. My price was $2,450, total cost 13. 29, total revenue 15. 1 and total profit was 1. 82. Due to the new lunch, David thought it would be a good idea to upgrade production. Jane thinks we should improve on the areas that we had major losses. Quasar Computers would need to sell more than over $500 million to make a profit and the Neutron would have to be priced higher. In 2006 competition arrises and we have to lower our prices, work on brand building to make sure we can keep our gain from Orin Technolgies since the company gain 50% of the market in notebooks. Orin Technologies is now in the same industry as Quasar and we are no longer monopolizing but Oligopoly. I think Quasar was a bit caught off guard. They had to think fast before competition became an issue. Quasar had to make decision quick if they should invest more funds into the marketing if they wanted to sell notebooks and reach out to a larger base of consumers or work on research and development. If Quasar wanted to success they had to stop and think about what infficiences they had and not expect to sell the same amount of quantity. Also during the time Orin came in the demand Neutron was sloping down and which increasing any price would just have consumer not buying any of their products. For Quasar to be sucesseful they have to focus on affordable but yet quality technology to remain in the game. Quasar how to reinvent technology and make their notebook fun and consumer entertained. Reference Geoff, R. (2006) Retrieved from http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy. html U. S. Department of Commerce. (November 23, 2011). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/pi/pinewsrelease. htm McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U. S Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, November 22). Personal Income and Outlay. Retrieved November 27, 2011 http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease. htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011, February 3). The Economic Outlook and Macroeconomic Policy. Retrieved November 27, 2011

The Cockroach

The poem â€Å"The cockroach†, written by Kevin Halligan, is a meaningful and interesting poem. As a Buddhist convert, the poet has use the journey of the cockroach to describe many aspects of human life. Initially, Halligan presents human life as joyful and excited in the childhood . A good illustration of this when Halligan uses the phrases â€Å"skirting a ball of dust†, â€Å"satisfied† and â€Å"start to pace† to present it. As we all know, the cockroach represent humanity and his journey is an extended metaphor for human life.So from that point of view, we should understand that when the cockroach â€Å"start to pace† is when the human life starts. In childhood, we can have fun by do meaningless things with no specific goal just like the cockroach â€Å"skirt [‘s] a ball of dust† and â€Å"satisfy† with that game. Children have their parental protection and they have nothing to worry about. Life was so easy, innocent and re laxed at that period of life. For the rest of the poem – which also represents the rest of the life time – we cannot see other words that use to describe the positive feelings of the cockroach.So maybe for Halligan, childhood was the most unaware stage of the entire human life. And through the poem, the readers can feel that this stage was short-lived. Secondly, Halligan shows that after childhood, life only remain with many dramas and tough decision. For example, the poet describe that on the cockroach’s journey, he â€Å"jog [‘s] in crooked ring†, and â€Å"scratch his wings† as he’s a â€Å"victim of a mild attack†. This show that sometimes in their life, humans lose their goal, lost their direction or met a drama that they don’t know what to do next but â€Å"circling the rusty table† – just like the cockroach.And a result of the loss of direction, the cockroach â€Å"scratch [‘es] his wings†, this is similar with how drama leave us with a bad mental health. Yet in life, we have to face a lot of drama and different kind of it. We can have drama like broken heart, the loss of a relative, failure in career†¦ Day after day, we cannot get rid of the depression it cause and the â€Å"restlessness that worsened over time†. Life after childhood continues but with more problems, and we cannot go through it easily . Human can get lost and they cannot get out of their own dramas . The persona now portrays human life as difficult and full of crises.

Coca-Cola Mission Statement – Strategic Management

I think The Coca-Cola Company has done an exceptional job with defining their mission, vision, values and goals. These items may not be listed under the appropriate titles based on the background information present in this module but the information has been provided within the titles that are listed on the company’s website. For example, the mission statement is listed under the focus on the market statement and the vision statement is listed under the mission statement. I feel as if this company has provided me with the direction of this company based on their mission statement. I am inspired by the vision of this company. The values of this company are values that represent a successful company. This company has set goals that will allow this company continued world success.This executive summary will start with introduction of The Coca-Cola Company. Second, I will identify The Coca-Cola Company’s mission, vision, values and goals. Third, I will critically evaluate each element for this company and show how it is in line with the background information for this module and that no changes are recommended or required. Fourth, I will show how each of the elements account for the stakeholder’s interests. Fifth, I will conclude this executive summary.IntroductionThe Coca-Cola Company has been around for over one hundred years and their manufactured goods are sold all around the world. A company does not survive for over one hundred years without an incredible map providing direction. This map is the company’s mission, vision, values and goals. Company’s mission, vision, values and goals (all taken directly from The Coca-Cola Company’s Website)Mission:Inspire creativity, passion, optimism and funVision:To refresh the world†¦.To inspire moments of optimism and happiness†¦.To create value and make a difference†¦.ValuesPeople: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be.Portfo lio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and needs.Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value.Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities.Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities.Productivity: Be a highly effective, learn and fast-moving organization. Goals.Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners.Get out into the market and listen, observe and learn.Possess a world view.Focus on execution in the marketplace every day.Be insatiable curious.Critical evaluate each element and show how it is in line with the background information This company’s mission statement provides a clear definition of what the company would like to do for the world. The company would like to inspire us and bring out the passion in us, while we are having fun consuming their products. In the article, State Your Business, it was  stated, â€Å"†¦.having a mission doesn’t guarantee winning. But not having one invariable spurs the opposite.† (Welch, 2008) The Coca-Cola Company wanted to do all they could to guarantee winning for their company so they created a strong winning mission statement.The vision statement tells us the vision this company has for the world. This statement paints a clear picture of what this company would like to do for the world through their merchandise. QuickMBA states, â€Å"The vision describes some milestone that the firm will reach in the future†¦.† (QuickMBA.com, 1999-2010).Values define and dictate the standards and rules of an organization, without them, there are no standards for the organization. â€Å"Core values will not change†¦.† (QUICKMBA.com, 1999-2010).If a company does not have any goals, how would you know the obje ctive of the company? Unlike the line used in the article from Fast Company.com, â€Å"Who needs a long-term strategy when everyone’s goal is simply to ‘get big fast’?† (Hammonds, 2007) Unlike this article, The Coca-Cola Company did set some clear goals for their company. This company’s goals tell us exactly what they would like to do for the world.Show how each of the elements account for the stakeholder’s interests All of the elements account for the stakeholder’s interests. Each of the four elements clearly defines the objectives of this company, telling us what the company would like to accomplish and or achieve. All of the accomplishments will bring success to the company, which equals income or money for the stakeholders. One example is when the goals state,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners.†This allows the company to provide the things required by consumer, which will increase pr ofits. Another example is listed in the values, â€Å"Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities.† This value states within its statement how it accounts for the stakeholder’s interests. Actually, each value listed, supports the interest of the stakeholder’s. The mission and vision statements are a map pointing in the  direction of great success for the stakeholder’s.ConclusionIn conclusion, I started this executive summary with a summary of why I support The Coca-Cola Company’s mission, vision, values and goals as they are written on the company’s website. Next, I provided an introduction which stated the order in which this summary would be written. Third, I will identify The Coca-Cola Company’s mission, vision, values and goals.Fourth, I critically evaluated each element for this company and showed how it was in line with the background information for this module and that no chan ges were recommended or required due to the support of the background information. Fifth, I will show how each of the elements accounted for the stakeholder’s interests. Last, I am concluding this executive summary.

This is bussinees economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is bussinees economics - Essay Example It is these shared patterns that make individuals identify with a particular group and not another. Attitude also affects the individual behavior in the sense that it is representative of the individual’s state of mind. It shows an individual’s like or dislike and, therefore, prior to any undertaking the outcome of any undertaking is likely to be a product of the attitude. Values are another factor. These are the beliefs that an individual or a certain group has towards a general idea. Having values or principles determines the ethical code of conduct and by extension determines the amount of emotional investment that can be for or against an idea (Volker, 32). Finally, the authority also shapes individual behavior in the sense that depending on the way it is used. This can be attained by cohesion or even convincing a person to carry out an activity. When cohesion is applied, it will in most cases narrow down the options available to the one carrying out the order. In m ost cases when pushed to the wall, the end will always justify the means. It is of great significance to study individual behavior so as to understand one’s own behavior pattern and how it affects day to day interactions. Besides, it allows for the opportunity to make informed choices for corrective measures so as to develop appropriate behavior pattern, not just for personal effectiveness but social effectiveness as well (Volker, 36). In explaining individual behavior, two models have been considered in this case. MARS model of individual behavior, also called MARS BAR explains individual behavior due to both internal and external factors. A breakdown of the acronym is motivation, abilities, role perception and situational factors. They constitute the four major factors that affect individual behavior and outcomes. This model is applicable to many cases but is often used in management,

Discussion questions4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions4 - Article Example Vicino3 maintains that the creation of suburbs was a deliberate effort by the federal government to change the country’s development pattern and shape individuals preferences. Political processes and support of public policies provisions were contributory factors in suburb development. Leaving the city does not solve its problems as promoted by Ford’s proposal. Displacement of people from the cities would initiate displacement and or transfer of problems to other parts of America. Those who leave the city would still require the government to provide them with other social amenities. The Brookings’ policy approach proposals to solve public problems in first suburbs are effective. Policies that address challenges special to elderly society members would solve related public problems. Policies should address concerns of foreign-born residents of first suburbs4. Promoting regional coherence through policy initiatives would solve public problems related to policies. Moller’s statement is a development-conscious and justified. While displacing people from one place to another along with development, the proponents must also set adequate consideration for the remaining population’s wellbeing. Housing policies are important in controlling development during displacement5. Before the government commences displacement and resettlement of population from a city or neighborhood, it must ensure that adequate policy exists to managing the affairs of population remain behind or perceived as abandoned. Housing policies must exist to support the process of suburb development Failure to implement relevant policy provisions duplicates the constraints instead of presenting a

A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A raisin in the sun - Essay Example African-Americans suffered racial discrimination, which was present, since the times of slavery where they were subjected to inhumane acts by White people. The play, by Lorraine Hansberry, depicts the battles that African-Americans had to go through in the early 1900s in the fight for equality in society. Discrimination was promoted by White American supremacists who advocated for segregation of minority races in society. The black African-American population bore the greatest blunt of racial discrimination in the American society. Segregation was effected in all sectors of life in schools, public transport, jobs and housing. The play highlights the Young family’s struggle with racial discrimination, and the hardship they went through for buying a house from a white man in a white neighbourhood. The play has a cast that is composed of Walter Lee who is unhappy with his current job and dreams of becoming an entrepreneur. He is a dreamer who believes that money can solve all of the family’s problems and buy them happiness. Ruth is a character who is depicted battling poverty and domestic troubles frequently. She is also depicted as a peacemaker who is willing to do anything to protect her family. Beneatha is a character who displays feminist perspectives in the play. ... She thinks that money is not something that makes a family happy. She is depicted as a nurturing mother and stands firm in her beliefs. As the head of the family, she demands that members of her family respect one another as well as take pride in their dreams. Linder is the only white character in the play who acts as the representative for the white community. He goes to great lengths to keep black African-Americans out of the white neighbourhood. His actions are best depicted when he offers the Young family a deal to reconsider moving into his all-white neighbourhood. This shows his determination in ensuring that his neighbourhood is free from ‘blacks’ who are perceived as pariahs in society (Loos 213). The play addresses themes of the essence of dreams as a supposition that was famously proposed in a poem wrote by Langston Hughes. He wrote about dreams that were neglected or postponed and ponders if those aspirations wither like raisins in the sun. This is illustrated by Walter’s desire to have money so that he can afford to cater for his family. The display of dreams and aspirations for a better life is not confined to one race, but it can be recognised in people of all backgrounds. The underlying motivation to yearn for a better life is universal irrespective of race, and it varies in different people. Walter’s notion of the American dream is the ideology of materialism which places much emphasis on the importance of money and the things it can acquire. In play, Hansberry shows how Walter envies Charlie Atkin’s dry cleaning business because it makes an annual income of $100, 000. Walter is blinded by his desire to acquire riches and partners with people of questionable characters who end escaping with all of

The Superiority Complex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Superiority Complex - Essay Example The article is a good one and is not biased in any way. It explains why people succeed in life and give reasons as to why others do not. The writer is precise in putting across her message to the audience on the required traits needed for anyone who wishes to succeed. This is a sign to show that anyone with a mission to succeed will achieve his goal if only he is determined.America has been in the forefront to fight racial prejudice and the writer joins hands by way of placing her audience in a single platform informing them of her advice to them despite of the difference in culture or origin. It is a high time that people look beyond their skin colour and base their personality on their ability in the society. Blame games based on racial grounds has no place in the modern society. She gives examples of people from other races that were despised on racial grounds, but have since leant in overcoming the inferiority within them, developed self control and have no more feeling of insecu rity.Suketu Mehta is said to have made a significant impact in the social life of Americans. She is a US citizen but has her origin in India. She is among the discriminated individuals, but one thing she has done is to surpass the challenges and leads a successful life. The history of America has cases of racial prejudice and the government is fighting to eliminate the menace. Her impact in helping hand towards the progress is a matter that will be appreciated by generations to come. Her article clearly illustrates her role in the fight.

Tourism Industry Trends Article Research Paper Essay

Tourism Industry Trends Article Research Paper - Essay Example Of this, the Taiwanese outnumber the mainlanders whose families fled from the mainland due to communist take over.Taiwan comprises of mainly, the Minnan speakers, Hakka speakers, Japanese speakers and other native languages. The Taiwan people are distinguishable from the mainlanders (Hsiau & A-chin, 2005). Taiwan has a marine tropical climate with the Northen experiencing rain throughout the year, whereas the southern experiences dry winters. Most of the population is concentrated on the west coast, which has plains and considered to be safe, unlike the east coast that has a high risk of typhoons. Taiwan experiences a wide range of cultural activities that really form the beautifulness to intermingle with the locals. They as well share several taboos with the Asian nations, making it more compatible for the Asian people to visit Taiwan in large numbers. Taiwan also offers programs like exchange of agreements with other foreign universities, teaching the Mandarine language to the foreigners as well the writing systems. Martial arts are very rampant with the majority of the visitors enjoying the art of Kung fu and other visual arts. All these practices greatly boost the tourism sector and enhance development and economical growth (Urry & John, 2003). Tourism industry is greatly booming every year as the percentage of tourists rise. According to the World Economic Forum’s survey, places likeTaiwan is ranked fourth in Asia’s best tourist destinations implying that, its capability to handle and accommodate tourist is high and the returns are tangible. This trend is expected to rise in the future touring sector as Taiwan depicts the capability in developing sustainable tourism industry. On the same note, Taiwan’s security is guaranteed to make it a secure place both at night and during the day (Yates & Stephen, 1999). The success of the tourism industry has been enhanced by the government policies

Issues That the Jerusalem Council Debated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Issues That the Jerusalem Council Debated - Essay Example The resolution was communicated to all Christians. The Jerusalem council is a model to the church today. There have emerged many religious denominations in Christianity today. These denominations have differed in their teachings on baptism. Some groups believe in baptism by immersion while others maintain that the amount of water does not matter for as long as one professes faith in Jesus. Debates on sexual orientation and expression have taken their toll on the church. This difference sometimes degenerates into open enmity and conflicts. Today’s church should learn from the way the Jerusalem council would handle issues peacefully and with dialogue (Elmer 89). While in Rome, Paul got into trouble with the Jewish elders and chief priests. The elders and priests bound Paul when he would not stop preaching about the resurrection of Jesus, but he was saved by the officials of the emperor before they hurt him. When he was taken to Emperor Felix and charged with inciting people and causing chaos, he defended himself by explaining that the people were only angry with him for preaching about the resurrection of Jesus. Felix did not want to delve into Paul’s case. He put him in detention until he left Caesarea. Festus his successor came to power (Harrison 57). He revisited Paul’s case, and he conspired with Paul’s opponents to hand him over to them so that they hurt him in the pretence of moving him to Jerusalem to try him there. However, Paul declined, and when he appeared before Festus and King Agrippa, he pleaded with Caesarea as a Roman citizen. He charged that he had not contravened any roman or Jewish law, but he was only teaching about the resurrection of Jesus.

Present day Societal Value of Labor Unions Essay Example for Free

Present day Societal Value of Labor Unions Essay A labor union is an organization of employees of the same profession, working for either one employer or many employers. It is formed by people with common skills, knowledge and skills pursuing the same dream, to be at the top of their carriers. Labor unions are normally funded by contributions from employee’s salaries. They are headed by officials who are elected by members after a given period of time. For labor unions to be effective they need to be run by people with the right management education, skills, knowledge and experience for them to deliver to their respective members. Labor union officials are accountable to its members and need to be responsible enough, for every action they take, has consequences on all the members. Labor unions are formed and run as per the constitution, according to the Labor act of any nation and the related articles. Labor unions have a societal value in the present day, because members expect some return that is either qualitative or quantitative. Although employers may be opposed to the idea of labor unions, the Government gives the right atmosphere for their formation and existence. Labor unions that are not beneficial to the members do not last long, because they are democratic institutions and members have a right to quit and join new unions. (Albert, 2001 p. 20-31) Organized institutions: Labor unions provide a forum for dealing with multiple issues at once and as group. Actions taken by labor unions are across the board; they relate to all the employees and their respective employers. Issues tackled do not relate to individuals but to the whole group of members. Members of the same profession get to meet and reason together, in order to better their living standards and their economic well being. Solutions to issues facing the employees are to the advantage of all the member. Labor unions need to be registered as per the required regulations, prescribed under the Labor union’s Act of any Country. They are therefore recognized and protected by law. They are therefore expected to deliver as per the necessary standards, without bias to either the employees or the employers. Issues presented by individual members are discussed by the officials and if need be, they are communicated to the rest of the members, in order to understand who the union is acting for, at any particular time. Protection of Employee’s rights: Labor unions are formed on the principle, â€Å"united we stand, divided we fall†. Any skilled, semiskilled and unskilled employee has rights and privileges at his place of work, which the employer may not be willing and ready to fulfill. It’s the duty of the labor union to negotiate for its members, with the employers for their rights to be realized. Single employees may not have a better understanding of their rights and may be oppressed by the employer. In groups/labor unions they will have the power to speak as one and demand the employer’s attention. (Becky 2002 p. 11-32) Some employee’s rights include; Better working, conditions and environment; This mostly applies to semiskilled and unskilled workers who are found at industrial plants. Most employers may find it expensive to provide them with the right working gear and devices like, gloves, masks and gum boots. Such employees will therefore be risking their lives at the expense of their incomes and need someone to come in between. Such employees may not be housed at the plant and will be expected to report to work early in the morning. The labor union will come in and negotiate for their transport system; whereby they are either picked by bus early in the morning or they are given an adequate transport allowance to enable them be punctual at work. The single employees who demand better working conditions and environment may risk their jobs because the management may consider them to be unruly. Some manufacturing companies, like tobacco industries, pollute the environment which the employees are working in. they may therefore be exposed to contracting diseases, hence poor health. It is the duty of the labor unions to negotiate healthy environment to ensure that employees utilize their skills well and advance in their carriers. A well balanced remuneration package; Employees need a salary package relatively proportional to their contribution towards the company’s profitability. Some employers may want to retain a lot of their earnings and therefore deny their laborers/employees good compensation. For a worker to be productive his or her financial and economic needs should be well catered for, by the employer. A stressed up employee may not utilize his education and knowledge adequately to develop his carrier. Some employers may want to pay their employees less than the other professionals with the same education, knowledge and skills. This is psychologically unfair and the labor union steps in to ensure a uniform salary package across the board for people with the same skills and knowledge. If the employer does not obey, the labor union can sue on behalf of the employee with costs being met by the employer, as per the relevant regulation and case ruling. Employee Motivation; For employees to perform better, they need their spirits lifted through a well organized motivation system. These lack in some organizations and it is the duty of labor unions to negotiate for the members items like, overtime payments, study leaves and bonus payments. It is through such motivation systems that employees can utilize their skills, education and knowledge in order to have some carrier growth and development. Labor unions therefore assist their members in meeting their short-term goals and keep them focused at their long-term goals. Better working conditions at the present make it possible for employees to realize ambitions and dreams. (Norman 2000 p. 4-54) Retirement benefits; Labor unions ensure that every employer has retirement arrangements in place for its employees. Employees should not retire with any funds to survive on because this may depress them at their old age. Retirement age is therefore maintained across all companies and those who their contracts are terminated in advance are given some golden handshake to survive on. Labor unions also deal with cases where contracts are terminated before maturity and those affected are restored and any damages are catered for by the employer. The labor unions therefore ensure that the society’s dependency ratio is not increased due to early terminations or people retiring with out finances. Professional Networking: Through labor unions professionals get to meet and share ideas relating to their carrier field. People with the same knowledge, skills, education and experience get to network and assist one another emotionally and this boosts their morale. Meetings organized by labor unions for its members provide a forum for discussions to be held among members. Motivational speakers are also invited to give speech which inspires the members. Carrier growth and development: Labor unions ensure that members are constantly being updated on the latest skills and knowledge during union meetings. Discussions held also advance the awareness of their professional field details. Members also get to know the requirements for their movement up the carrier ladder. Study leaves negotiated for by the labor unions provide carrier development. Some employers may want to maintain employees as casual, which is not as per the law; labor unions therefore come to negotiate for their permanent employment. This enables both carrier growth and development. Go slows: When employers do not want to give in to requests by the employees, laborers may present this to their unions and they may result in mass action. Demonstrations/go slows organized by labor unions are recognized by the laws and no one of the employees is victimized. workers’ plights are therefore considered by their employers and their demands are negotiated for by both the employer and the union officials. Creation of jobs: Labor unions are run by officials, elected by the members based on their education, knowledge and experience, to manage the union. These officials are well remunerated, from the contributions by the members. They therefore earn a living out their efforts to manage the unions. In the society, dependency ratio is therefore reduced while idleness by the unemployed and crime levels go down. These officials are replaced from time to time and the jobs are given to new people. Mediator between the government and the employees: Labor unions negotiate with the Government for labor standards to be maintained for the sake of the employees. The government is therefore kept on check by the union to ensure that there are statutory regulations on the, minimum wage, working conditions/environment and unfair dismissals. Labor unions also provide some level of awareness to the professionals in terms of, what they should expect from the employer and what their level of productivity to their employers should be, in order to experience carrier growth and development. (Timothy, Roni, 2003 p. 23-34) References: Albert S. (2001). Labor unions. New York. Cristol Publishers. Becky T. (2002). Societal Value of Labor Unions. New Jersey. Western Press. Norman C. (2000). Enforcement of Labor unions. Los Angelus. Southern Publishers. Timothy S, Roni B. (2003). Labor Unions in united States. Boston. Cribal Publishers.

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study Abstract The psychological abuse of men by their partners has been acknowledged as an important form of partner abuse in domestic violence research. There is dearth of psychological research on emotional abuse of males by their intimate partners. The sample comprised of 150 males (equal number of married and unmarried/ in an intimate relationship), in the age range of (18-30 years old). Guttman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale (Weiss Marmar) were used. Analysis of data showed that the intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significantly correlated. The results revealed that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse leading to PTSD. Women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. Keywords: Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse, PTSD, Men, Victim. Introduction Anintimate relationship is an  interpersonal relationship  that involves  physical  or  emotional intimacy.1 Intimate partner violence (IPV), which includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of one partner by another, is a national social and health problem affecting thousands of individuals and families. 2 Women typically suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men who experience female perpetrated violenc.3, 4 Male victims of domestic violence have been seriously neglected in public policy, but they are not rare at all, they’re just less likely to report it.5 However, the researchers have revealed the significance of IPV on male victims, specifically the study of psychological abuse against men.4, 6, 7 Walker described six components of emotional abuse: (a)verbal attacks (ridicule, verbal harassment, name calling); (b)isolation (social or financial); (c)jealousy/possessiveness (even with family, friends, and pets); (d)verbal threats of harm, abuse, or torture; (e)threats to divorce, abandon, or have an affair; and (f)damage to or destruction of personal property.8 Emotional abuse is very common and extremely damaging to victims. Many of IPV survivors have asserted that emotional abuse is worse than physical abuse and has long-lasting effects.9 Emotional abuse is a significant predictor of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and negative mood and psychosomatic complaints. 10 Studies of female victims of IPV have repeatedly shown that physical IPV leading to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 11,12,13,14,15,16 but between 25% and 50% of victims of physical IPV in a given year are men.2, 17, 18 The association between psychological abuse and negative health outcomes in men required more exploration in future to better understand this association. Studies showed that in intimate partner relationship, one of the strongest predictors for violence is the experience of violence in the family. Intimate partner abuse is a learnt pattern of behavior, so abusiveness is not a lack of control and it is not an illness. 19 According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV, PTSD is a psychiatric condition that follow the experience of a traumatic incident, the symptoms tend to cluster on three dimensions: persistent reexperiencing of the trauma, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and persistent increased arousal.20 Many people who experience a traumatic event having at least some symptoms of PTSD.11,12,14,15 Although psychological or mild physical IPV can elicited posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. 11,13,14,16 Psychological abuse strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV.21 Hines and Saudino found that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners. 22 Researchers like Randle and Graham have demonstrated the emotionally abused men can experience depression, psychological distress and PTSD.23 Hines and Douglas also noted the associations between emotional abuse and post traumatic stress symptoms in men.24 Method 2.1. Participants Participants consisted of (n=150) males with equal number of married and unmarried (in a relationship with female partner).The data for the study was collected from DAV College, Government College for boys in Chandigarh, India. Participants had to be between the ages of 18-35 years old. They also had to have been involved in an intimate relationship at least for 4-5 years. 2.2. Procedure: Participants were given the questionnaires regarding demographics, aggressive behaviors that they and their female partners may have used and more detailed information regarding their last argument (if applicable), their mental health and various risk factors. 2.3. Measures 2.3.1. Gottman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (GEAQ) This test developed by Gottman and Gottman in (2009) at the Gottman Institute, it consist of 25 items with two choice of true and false answers. Reliability and validity of test are satisfied. The IES-R was developed in Weiss and Marmar (1997) to reflect the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The original Impact of Events Scale (IES) predated the adoption of PTSD as a ‘legitimate’ diagnosis in the DSM-III of 1980 and measured two of the four DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. However, the response format in the IES assesses the ‘frequency of symptoms’ (not at all = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes = 3 and often = 5) and was changed in the IES-R to measure ‘symptom severity’ (0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely). 2.3.4 Sociodemographics Men were asked basic demographic information themselves and their partners including age, income, education, occupation and also asked about current status of their relationship (Married, Unmarried, divorce, Cohabitation) and how many children involved in that relationship. Statistical analysis Data analyses were completed using SPSS version 8.0 Software. Descriptive statics viz, mean and standard deviation was performed. Pearson r was used to find the co- relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and t-tests was used to find the differences in married and unmarried men. Results 3.1. Differences between samples in Demographics, Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse (IPEA) and other mediators The differences between the married and unmarried samples in demographic characteristics showed that, in terms of overall violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence of violence than married men. Marital status showed that unmarried men were more likely to be young compared to married men. Married and unmarried men also differed in respect to education. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. Also women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases. 3.2. Correlations between an intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD: The investigation revealed that men who sustained IPEA had a greater likelihood of reaching PTSD, the analysis showed that the association between IPEA and PTSD were significant (.843**) at level of 0.01. Then we divided the samples into two groups married (n=75) and unmarried (n=75) to obtain the correlation between IPEA and PTSD in unmarried men and unmarried men separately. Table 1 contains the mean, standard deviation and standard error mean of emotional abuse and PTSD for both married and unmarried and indicates the t-test to find the differences of emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Table 1.The obtained mean and standard deviations and t-ratio are presented. Significant at p Table 2.Correlation between IPEA and PTSD **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level(2-tailed). In table 2 showed that there is significantly positive relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD, it means that the higher intimate partner emotional abuse is a higher PTSD among men. Table 3.Correlation of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD in Married and Unmarried **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table 3 showed that the correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Results indicates that correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married men were significant (.709**) at level 0.01 and unmarried men were positively significant (866**) at level 0.01. 4. Discussion â€Å"Today, IPV is recognized as a serious problem, which affects the personal and familial well-being†.25 Straus reported that men are not considered traditional victims of intimate partner violence, but between 2007 and 2009, male who denounced cases of IPV in Porto, compute for a relevant portion of all the victims of IPV.26 General knowledge about this phenomena has increased over the years, therefore, it is expected that the number of victims who look for help become more. In so many cases, men did not report that they have abused by their intimate partner, particularly because they afraid of being an object of ridicule.25, 27 In a specific society, it is expected that men are not abused by women, but currently in western societies, where there is greater gender equality, the rate of male victims of IPV is significant.28 The present study, the first is to investigate the associations between PTSD and Intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) victimization among men which provides that the PTSD is a major concern among men who sustain IPEA. In addition, comparing the married and unmarried men and their association with PTSD then we are able to figure out the differences between married and unmarried who are emotionally abused and also suffering from PTSD. A study examined PTSD symptoms in male and female survivors of IPV.21 Psychological abuse was strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV. Concerns with male victims of IPV, findings showed that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners.22 In support of previous research, this research found that for both samples (married and unmarried men) who sustain IPEA were significantly high on PTSD.21,29, 6 The model for this sample was congruent with what others have found regarding the influence of prior history of abuse, sustaining trauma, and social support on PTSD.30 Consistent with past studies which showed that cohabiters, generally have a higher risk of violence than married.31,32,33,34,35 The current study found that cohabiting men have an elevated risk of experiencing IPEA as compared to married men. However the results showed that when comparing married and unmarried men, married men, who sustain IPEA, were significantly less likely to experience PTSD than those who were in an intimate relationship. Typically women suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men.3,4,7 However, researchers have found the significance of IPV on male victims.4,6 In the current study the perpetrators were all women. According to these studies, women are as capable as men to perpetrate violence against their intimate partners and they do it more frequently. 36,37,38 According to demography, the study supports this concept as well. In addition to PTSD being exponentially higher in unmarried men, associations between PTSD and IPEA were somehow different. Regarding violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence than married men of reporting having experienced violence. Marital status in unmarried men was more likely to be young compared to married men. In terms of education, married and unmarried men also were differed. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. 4.1. Study limitations The limitations of current study need to be considered to future research. First, this is a correlation study, so assumption about causality cannot be strongly enacted. and third, Second, by analyzing the men’s reports of IPEA, it is possible that the men overestimated their female partner’s use of IPEA so we have no guarantee of the realness of their reports thus future studies should seek to obtain information from both sides. 4.2. Conclusions The results of this study allowed us to conclude that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA). Analysis showed that the association between intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significant and in all cases women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse. Results also showed that the participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. The results of this study and other works indicate that this may be the most fruitful way to provide treatment for men who have experienced IPEA and present with PTSD symptoms. References: 1. Miller R, Perlman D. Intimate Relationships. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages; 2008. 2. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 2000; 6: 142–161. 3. Archer J. Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2000; 126(5): 651–680. 4. Hines DA, Malley-Morrison K. Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: A neglected research area. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2001: 2(2); 75–85. 5. National Coalition For Men (NCFM ) http://ncfm.org/know-the-issues/mens-rights-issues/ ;2014 (last accessed on 5th July2014). 6. Hines DA. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence: A multinational study of university students. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2007; 8: 225–239. 7. Holtzworth-Munroe A. Male versus female intimate partner violence: Putting findings in context. Journal of Marriage and Family 2005; 67:1120– 1125. 8. Walker LE. The Battered Woman Syndrome, Springer Publishing Company, New York 1984. 9. Lynch S, Graham-Berman SA. Women abuse and self-affirmation: Influences on women’s self-steem. Violence against women 2000; 6(2):78-97. 10. Arias I, Pape KT. Psychological abuse: implications for adjustment and commitment to leave violent partners. Violence Vict 1999; 14(1):55-67. 11. Astin B, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Risk and resiliency factors. Violence and Victims 1993;8(1):17–28. 12. Cascardi M, O’Leary KD, Lawrence EE, Schlee KA. Characteristics of women physically abused by their spouses and who seek treatment regarding marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63(4):616–623. 13. Housekamp BM, Foy DW. The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1991;6:367–375. 14. Kemp A, Rawlings EI, Green BL. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women: A shelter sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1991;4:137–148. 15. Saunders DG. Post-traumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: A comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence and Victims 1994;9:31–44. 16. Woods S, Isenberg MA. Adaptation as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic stress in battered women. Nursing Science Quarterly 2001;14:215–221. 17. Cook PW. Abused men: The hidden side of domestic violence (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger 2009. 18. Stith S, Straus MA. Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/V56.pdf ;1995. (last accessed on 20th July2014). 19. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence. Truma, violence, abuse 2002; 3(3), 210-225. 20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed text revision. Washington, DC: Author 2000. 21. Coker AL, Weston R, Creson DL, Justice B, Blakeney P. PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims 2005;20:625–643. 22. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactic Scales. Violence and Victims 2003;18: 197–217. 23. Randle AA, Graham CA. A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 2011;12(2):97-111. 24. Hines DA, Douglas EM. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of helpseeking and community samples. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2011;12(2):112-127. 25. Carmo R, Grams A, Magalhà £es T. Men as victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2011; 18(8):355-359. 26. Straus MA. Womens violence toward men is a serious social problem. In: Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on famlly violence, 2nd ed. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 2005. P.55-77. 27. Felson RB, Parà © P. The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. J Marriage Fam 2005;67:597-610. 28. Archer J. Cross-cultural difference in physical aggression between partners: A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Review 2006;10(2):133– 153. 29. Dansky BS, Byrne CA, Brandy KT. Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1999;25: 257–268. 30. Fontana A, Rosenheck R. PTSD among Vietnam theater veterans: A causal model of etiology in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994;182:677–684. 31. Anderson KL. Gender, status, and domestic violence: An integration of feminist and family violence approaches. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997;59(3):655-669. 32. Brinkerhoff, M. B., Lupri, E. Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 1988;13(4):407-434. 33. Jackson NA. Observational experiences of intrapersonal conflict and teenage victimization: A comparative study among spouses and cohabitors. Journal of Family Violence 1996;11(3):191-203. 34. Stets JE. Cohabiting and marital aggression: The role of social isolation. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1991;53(3):669-680. 35. Stets JE, Straus MA. The marriage license as a hitting license: A comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting, and married couples. Journal of Family Violence 1989;4(2), 161-180. 36. Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Caldwell JE, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. A review of research on women’s use of violence with male intimate partners. Violence and Victims 2008;28:301-14. 37. Dutton DG, Nicholas TL, Spidel A. Female Perpetrators of Intimate Abuse. Women Who Perpetrate Relationship Violence: Moving Beyond Political Correctness. Pp. 1-31. Available online at http://lab.drdondutton.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/DUTTON-NICHOLLS-AND-SPIDEL-2005-FEMALE-PERPETRATORS-OF-INTIMATE-VIOLENCE.pdf ;2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. (last accessed on 20th sep2014). 38. Carney M, Buttell F, Dutton D. Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: a review of the literature with recommendations for treatment. Aggress Violent Beh 2007;12:108-15.

Basic Laboratory Techniques Safety And Hematocrit

Basic Laboratory Techniques Safety And Hematocrit The hematocrit is normally ordered as a part of the complete blood count. It is important in evaluating anemia and polycythemia, monitoring the recovery from dehydration, the effectiveness of treatment for anemia, the ongoing bleeding to check its severity, etc. In this practical, hematocrit is used to determine if the patient has anemia by means of red cell indices MCV, MCH and MCHC. For red blood cell count, it is used to evaluate any type of decrease or increase in the number of red blood cells as measured per liter of blood. It is a parameter interprets in conjunction with hematocrit. Both decreased hematocrit and decreased RBC count indicate anemia. (D) Results Hematocrit (HCT) Record the red blood cell indices in the table below. Reading SI Unit RBC 8.55 ÃÆ'- 1012 RBC/L Hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL Your HCT value 26 % The red blood cell indices are used to classify anemias. Find out their formulae and calculate the MCV, MCH MCHC. Compare them to the reference values of a normal adult female. Red cell indices Formula Calculation (units) Reference range Mean cell volume (MCV) Hematocrit (%) ÃÆ'- 10 RBC _26 ÃÆ'- 10 8.55 MCV= 30.4 fL 86 98 fL Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) Hemoglobin(grams) ÃÆ'- 10 RBC __11__ ÃÆ'- 10 8.55 MCH= 12.87 pg 27 32 pg Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Hemoglobin(grams) ÃÆ'- 100 Hematocrit (%) __11__ ÃÆ'- 100 26 MCHC= 42.3 % 32 37 % (*delete as appropriate and suggest whether blood smear A or B provided in the lab would belong to this sample) As your calculated MCV suggest, the RBCs are macrocytic / normocytic / microcytic *. As your calculated MCH suggest, the hemoglobin in the RBCs are within / below / above* the average weight. As your calculated MCHC suggest, the RBCs are normochromic / hypochromic / hyperchromic*. Blood smear A / B* belongs to this patient. Cell count and hemacytometer RBC Counts Averaging no. of RBCs in 2 one square millimeter Square No. of RBC counted 1 178 2 164 Total RBCs counted 342 Averaged RBC counted 171 Calculate the RBC count in the sample: = Average no. RBCs counted in 1 big square ÃÆ'- Dilution factor Area counted (mm2) ÃÆ'- Depth (mm) RBC count = 171 ÃÆ'- 1000 ikikikiiiiiiu 0.2 (mm2) ÃÆ'- 0.1 (mm) RBC count = 8.55 ÃÆ'- 1012 (units= /L ) (E) Quality Assessment Obtain results from the class and do the statistics.(Refer to Basic Clinical Lab Techniques pp. 79 81) ÃŽÂ £X_ n (117+160+174+142+166+161+181+183+166+143+164+159+148+162+225+135+165+120+ 168+128+271+104+171+168+171+182+170+176+181+116+172) à · 31 RBC counts is 162.87 . n Test Value (mg/dL) X Deviation Squared ( x)2 1 117 2104.15 2 160 8.24 3 174 123.86 4 142 435.60 5 166 9.79 6 161 3.50 7 181 328.66 8 183 405.18 9 166 9.79 10 143 394.86 11 164 1.27 12 159 14.98 13 148 221.15 14 162 0.76 15 225 3860.01 16 135 776.79 17 165 4.53 18 120 1837.92 19 168 26.31 20 128 1215.98 21 271 11691.89 22 104 3465.79 23 171 66.08 24 168 26.31 25 171 66.08 26 182 365.92 27 170 50.82 28 176 172.37 29 181 328.66 30 116 2196.89 31 172 83.34 ÃŽÂ £( x)2__ n 1 30297.48__ 30 = 1009.916 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡Variance à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡1009.916 31.78 2s = 63.56 +2s = 226.43 -2s = 99.31 3s = 95.34 +3s = 258.21 -3s = 67.53 10. Construction of a Levey-Jenning s Chart using the mean and standard deviation(s) from above. Indicate the mean value, +/- 1s, +/-2s, +/-3s on the appropriate lines. Using the RBC data from the class, plot the values from all students. Levey-Jennings Chart of RBC counts in class SD of RBC counts (G) Practical Review Questions Label the hemacytometer diagram below with its parts. (p208) Indicate the areas usually used for WBC count with W RBC count with R and Platelet count.p 1. What does the hematocrit measure? The hematocrit is a test determining the patients red cell volume found in whole blood and, thus, the bloods oxygen carrying capacity. It is expressed as a percentage by volume. 2. Give the hematocrit reference values for males, females, and newborns. Males: 42 52 % Females: 36 48 % Newborns: 51 61 % 3. Name a condition that could cause a decreased hematocrit value. Anemias 4. Explain the hematocrit procedure 1. Obtain patients blood and prepare the specimen. Gently mix the capillary blood by inverting the tube until all sediments disappear. Blood sample is drawn into a heparinixed microhematocrit tube by capillary action. Load the microhematocrit tube by holding it end downward to allow gravity to facilitate loading of the tube. The tube should be filled to about 3/4 full. Seal one end of the tube with a small amount of clay material at a 90 ° angle. 2. Centrifuge the samples. Please the sealed microhematocrit tube into the rotor of the microhematocrit centrifuge, with the sealed end against the rubber gasket. Duplicate samples should be placed opposite each other in order to balance the centrifuge. Securely fasten the flat lid on top of the capillary tubes. Spin the tubes for 2 to 4 minutes at 10000 rpm. After the centrifuge has stopped, open the top and remove the cover plate. 3. Reading and reporting the Hematocrit value. Inspect the tube to see if there is any leakage after centrifugation. Place the tube on the hematocrit reader. Place tube in the groove with the top of the seal-ease (bottom of the packed cells) lined up with the bottom line of the reader.   Move the slider bar to the border between the packed red cells and the plasma.   Read the percentage reading beside the slide bar. 5. Blood enters the capillary tube by what action? Blood enters by capillary action. 6. Why must the capillary tube be sealed securely? In the process of spinning, RBCs and a small amount of plasma will be forced from the tube, a false result may be resulted because of incomplete sealing of tube. Therefore, sealing the tube securely can create a pressure inside the tube which prevents the content from forcing out during centrifugation. 7. What is the usual length of time for centrifugation of the hematocrit tubes? The hematocrit tubes are usually centrifugated for 2 to 4 minutes at 10000rpm. 8. What safety precautions should be observed when performing a hematocrit? Standard precaution should be observed. 9. What technical factors can affect the quality of hematocrit results? Blood sample should be well-mixed before microhematocrit tubes are filled. Avoid bubbles when filling blood sample into the microhematocrit tube. Microhematocrit tubes should be filled at least three-fourths full. The microhematocrit tubes should be completely sealed before centrifugation. Read the hematocrit value at the top of the red cell layer, not at the top of buffy coat. 10.Case Study 1 A hemoglobin and hematocrit test performed in a pediatric clinic on a 2-year-old boy gave results of 110 g/L hemoglobin and 0.33 L/L hematocrit. Do these results agree? What is the boys general health status based on the hematology results? From the data provided by the case, the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the child: __11__ ÃÆ'- 100 33 = 33% The MCHC is within the normal range, showing the child is free from anemia. However, according to World Health Organization, a hemoglobin concentration of less than 110 g/L and a hematocrit value of less than 33% were used as a cut-off for anemia for children aged 0.5 to 5[1]. Therefore, for the above case, although the child does not have anemia at this moment, his marginal hemoglobin and hematocrit values agree and both show that he has a high risk of suffering anemia. Age or gender group Hemoglobin (g/dL) Hematocrit (%) Children (0.5-4) Children (5-12) Children (12-15) Adult Men Non-pregnant Women Pregnant Women

Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry

Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the human’s wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic â€Å"Vital Force.† Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became it’s own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the â€Å"Vital Force† theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the â€Å"Vital Force† theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which developed in the 1860’s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations. The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry. Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the human’s wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic â€Å"Vital Force.† Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became it’s own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the â€Å"Vital Force† theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the â€Å"Vital Force† theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which developed in the 1860’s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations. The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry.

the learnin org :: essays research papers fc

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 SUMMARY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 AN ARCHETYPICAL ENTRY AND CONTRACTING PROCESS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 LAWLER’S ENTRY AND CONTRACTING PROCESS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 ASSESSING LAWLER’S ENTRY AND CONTRACTING PROCESS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WHAT WOULD I HAVE DONE DIFFERENTLY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 THEORIES AND MODELS TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF THE DIAGNOSTIC DATA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17 ORGANIZING THE INFORMATION FOR FEEDBACK  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 CARRYING OUT THE FEEDBACK PROCESS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT COULD BE COLLECTED  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 CONCLUSION  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28 BIBLIOGRAPHY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  29 APPENDICES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 B.R. RICHARDSON TIMBER PRODUCTS CORPORATION INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational Development (OD) is concerned with the performance, development, and effectiveness of human organizations. OD is directed at bringing about planned change to increase an organization’s effectiveness and capacity. It is an applied behavioural science that is focused on the organization as a system, and among other issues is concerned with the health of the organization, its effectiveness, its capacity to solve problems, its ability to adapt, change or of self renewal, and its ability to create a high quality of life for its employees. An organization is defined as two or more people brought together by one or more shared goals. OD promotes the notion that a successful change is a planned change. Monitoring of both internal and external influences needs to be conducted on a continuous basis. To understand how change can be managed, OD draws knowledge and concepts from other disciplines (notably behavioural science, psychology, organization theory). One of the early approaches to organizational change was provided by Kurt Lewin and his associates. It starts from the premise that targets of change and the social processes underlying them are relatively stable, when forces driving for change are roughly equal to forces resisting the change. To change this status quo requires a three-step process: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  unfreezing 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  movement 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  refreezing Unfreezing underscores the need to assess the present situation before change is contemplated. It examines the driving and restraining forces in the change situation that maintains the status quo. This information is essential for unfreezing the current situation and creating a readiness for change among organization members. Movement involves intervening in the situation to change it. This addresses organizational issues such as human processes, strategic choices, work designs and structures. It shifts the behaviours, attitudes and values of the organization, department and individuals to new levels. Refreezing stabilizes the organization at a new equilibrium state. If this step is ignored the organization reverts to its previous state. Refreezing rebalances the driving and restraining forces in the changed situation so it remains stable. Output of change is highly dependent on how the change process unfolds, and the change process will need to be facilitated. The OD process is a recurring cycle (Appendix II).

Knowledge Of Biomechanical Restrictions Ankle Health And Social Care Essay

The knee bend is a often used exercising in the strength and conditioning community and is regarded as an first-class manner to develop the lower limb muscular structure. This is in no little portion down to the biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities that the knee bend exercising has in relation to many athletic motions ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . The knee bend is besides used in many rehabilitation protocols as it is a closed kinetic concatenation exercising ( Escamilla et al. , 1998 ; Stuart, Meglan, Lutz, Growney, & A ; An, 1996 ) where the distal section is fixed ( Yack, Collins, & A ; Whieldon, 1993 ) . The knee bend is besides a mention point for most strength and conditioning managers when measuring maximum lower limb strength and this is besides the instance in competitory power-lifting and weightlifting ( Escamilla, Fleisig, Lowry, Barrentine, & A ; Andrews, 2001 ) . Squat preparation has been shown to correlate strongly with improved sprinting, perpendicular leap an d other athletic abilities ( Wisloff, Castagna, Helgerud, Jones, & A ; Hoff, 2004 ; CHELLY et al. , 2009 ) and so strength and conditioning managers would be wise to proliferate good motion in this exercising. It is non merely in athletic preparation that the knee bend should be regarded as of import but besides in mundane life because the specificity of the crouching motion to undertakings such as picking up immature kids and bundles is innately similar, as are infinite other avocations and undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) intending the ability to crouch allows people to retain functional independency in life. During chunky public presentation the mortise joint articulation contributes considerable support and helps to bring forth the important degrees of power required for this motion ( Hung & A ; Gross, 1999 ) . Besides failing or instability at the mortise joint has antecedently been implicated in the generation of defective motion forms during the knee bend happening specifically that failing of the gastrocnemius, tibialis front tooth or buttocks may increase likeliness of both foot pronation gesture and so diminishing the ability to command articulatio genus valgus ( Bell, Padua, & A ; Clark, 2008 ) . However it was noted by Schonefield ( 2010 ) that the degree of kinematic informations on the mortise joint articulation and its importance to the crouching motion is scarce. Most writers have decided to concentrate their attendings on the biomechanics of the spinal column, hip or articulatio genus composite during crouching undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) and so some recommendations will be made within this paper for future research. The incidence of ankle hurt in athletics is highest in tribunal and squad athleticss such as rugger, football, hoops and volleyball ( Fong, 2007 ) . A systematic reappraisal paper by Fong ( 2007 ) looked at 227 surveies that had detailed ankle hurt rates across 70 different athleticss over a 28 twelvemonth period and found that in athleticss hurts the mortise joint was the 2nd most injured organic structure site after the articulatio genus ( Fong, 2007 ) . The chief constituents that encompass the mortise joint are the superior tibiofibular articulation and the talo-crural articulation. The superior tibiofibular articulation ( STFJ ) is prone to locking when it is working as portion of a kinetic concatenation and this can take to stop scope restrictions of talocrural dorsiflexion ( Phelps, James, & A ; Matthijs, 2003 ) . The talo-crural articulation ( appendix 1 ) which passively dorsiflexes up to 30Â ° and plantar flexes up to 50Â ° is made up of the talar dome resting on the roof of the mortice, which is junction of the shinbone, calf bone and median and sidelong malleoli. Talocrural dorsiflexion is seen as normal between 11Â ° and 25 Â ° and inflexible between 4.3Â ° and 11.2Â ° ( mention this please ) . The mortise joint composite besides has a huge web of back uping ligaments and sinews and in entire the mortise joint and pes contains 26 castanetss. In order to crouch the metatarsals will dorsiflex and kidnap as the mortise joint goes into dorsiflexion and so follows subtalar joint abduction doing calcaneal eversion which leads to internal rotary motion of the shinbone and thighbone making knee flexure and therefore motion in the sagittal plane. The flexibleness of the calf musculus composite will restrict the sum of dorsiflexion attained, which in bend bounds the remainder of the concatenation or causes compensations someplace else. The induction of a squatting motion is thought to happen from a muscular response that initiate hip and knee flexure along with ankle dorsiflexion to interrupt unsloped position ( Dionisio, Almeida, Duarte, & A ; Hirata, 2008 ) . At this point an automatic response of the tibialis anterior additions ankle joint dorsiflexion torsion and disrupts the postural equilibrium ( Cheron, Bengoetxea, Pozzo, Bourgeois, & A ; Draye, 1997 ) . At this point moderate gastrocnemius activity has been observed appare ntly to command the degree of dorsiflexion at the mortise joint ( Dahlkvist, Mayo, & A ; Seedhom, 1982 ; Escamilla et al. , 2001 ; Escamilla et al. , 1998 ) contending the theory that the musculus is eccentrically controlling dorsiflexion. This theory nevertheless may non keep true due to the fact that the gastrocnemius is a biarticular musculus and may so shorten at the articulatio genus whilst lengthening at the mortise joint and frailty versa for the ascent stage ( Escamilla, 2001 ) . Indeed gastrocnemius activity has been found to be comparatively low in crouching motions and is highest at near to top out knee flexure ( Donnelly, Berg, & A ; Fiske, 2006 ) which correlates with the fact that the gastrocnemius force arm extremum at this point ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Ankle angular speeds have been seen to be reasonably low and rather changeless throughout both the acclivity and descent stages of the knee bend ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Stance is an of import factor in crouching public presentation and muscular enlisting forms and no clear victor has been found in the race to domination with foot place even in the powerlifting universe. Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) examined how 3 differing stances affected joint minute and angular speeds utilizing a 3 dimensional biomechanical analysis but besides comparing against a 2-D theoretical account, happening important differences in wider stances. This was interesting because the ankle joint minutes and section angles calculated in old 2-D literature were based on utilizing a individual camera to therefore position the joint moving in merely the sagittal plane which can merely go on when the pess point forwards and so as the stance breadth increased so would the degrees of erroneous informations biomechanically from the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) presuming topics have to turn their pess out. Potentially this means unless the stance was standardized to insulate sagittal motion in all literature so it is extremely likely to be inaccurate. The motion of the articulatio genuss relative to the mortise joints in the z-axis was besides studied in the Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) paper and they found that the articulatio genuss translated frontward over the pess 21.7 AÂ ± 4.4 centimeter during the narrow stance, 18.0 AÂ ± 2.6 centimeter during the medium stance, and 16.0 AÂ ± 4.6 centimeter during the broad stance. It has been antecedently reported that increased frontward motion of the articulatio genuss during crouching causes shearing forces at the articulatio genus ( Ariel, 1974 ) . This besides highlights the importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture during crouching motions when using a broad or average stance, which was categorized by Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) as 121-153 % shoulder width apart ( set broad stance breadth in! ) . In this survey the most important differences in joint minutes and minute weaponries were seen at the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) and unsurprisingly the greatest differences occurred between the narrow and broad stances ( appendix 2 ) . The greatest mortise joint articulation minutes were seen at maximal knee flexure ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) which was in line with old literature where gastrocnemius activity besides peaked at this point ( Isear, Erickson, & A ; Worrell, 1997 ) in all chance antagonizing the mortise joint minutes. A recent survey, albeit looking at quality of motion steps and the sidelong measure down test, saw that topics with inhibited public presentation in these trials had limited ankle dorsiflexion ( RABIN & A ; KOZOL, 2010 ) and so compensations are likely to be happening elsewhere. McLaughlin et Al ( 1977 ) have recommended maintaining the shinbone every bit perpendicular as possible to restrict the possible articulatio genus shearing forces in the knee bend ( McLaughlin, Dillman, & A ; Lardner, 1977 ) and so a later survey by Fry et Al ( 2003 ) compared kinetic belongingss when articulatio genus anterior motion was restricted. The 7 topics were weight trained work forces who had all squatted on a regular basis earlier and each performed 3 knee bends both impeded and unimpeded with consequences demoing important differences in both hip and articulatio genus torsions under restricted articulatio genus conditions. The restricted knee bend produced greater torsion values at the hip compared to the articulatio genus and besides showed a more inclined bole and trunk every bit good as a more perpendicular shinbone ( Fry, Smith, & A ; Schilling, 2003 ) . The limitation ( figure 1 ) so causes a alteration in the hip minute arm, which is a necessary compensation to let the Centre of mass to remain over the base of support, the pess. This inordinate forward tilt is hence necessary when there is a limitation in anterior knee motion and significantly has besides been noted as a common mistake for novice lifters executing the barbell knee bend exercising ( Chandler & A ; Stone, 1991 ) . It has been seen that less skilled homesteaders tended to tilt frontward more, therefore making greater bole torsions ( McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) but it has besides been seen that lumbar spinal column shearing forces are significantly increased in lifters exposing a outstanding forward tilt ( Russell & A ; Phillips, 1989 ) . It can be moderately assumed that the big hip torsions seen when anterior articulatio genus motion is restricted are transferred to the lumbar spinal column making a possible hurt site and hapless biomechanical modeling. Surveies have antecedently shown that the experts in crouching have superior kinematics due to a more vertical bole, less horizo ntal hip supplanting and superior dynamicss through less bole torsions than less experient lifters ( McCaw & A ; Melrose, 1999 ; McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) . One cause for restricted anterior articulatio genus motion in knee bend could be gastrocnemius equinus forestalling dorsiflexion and this is a wholly under researched country. It has been researched in spastic and neurologically impaired persons but non every bit much in non-spastic populations as a cause of limited dorsiflexion. This stringency causes an inability to dorsiflex through the tibiotalar articulation and can besides take to other symptoms of the bow and mid pes ( DiGiovanni et al. , 2002 ) . Heel rises have been used by jocks to help in the gym based motion such as knee bend and Olympic raising fluctuations. A diminution board is such a device and this puts lesser demands on the mortise joint in dorsiflexion compared to normal floor based knee bends ( Frohm, Halvorsen, & A ; Thorstensson, 2007 ) . This has been postulated as a method for the intervention of tendinopathies at the patellar but this is when utilizing bizarre motions ( Frohm et al. , 2007 ) to make maximal force at the articulatio genus and non for general knee bend. One possible drawback with heel rises is that the when utilizing a heel raise the pes becomes more plantarflexed coupled with calcaneal inversion. This means that during crouching when tibial internal rotary motion is required it is hard to achieve whilst the pes is somewhat inversed and as the shinbone is already in a somewhat externally rotated place. Tibial external rotary motion has been implicated as one of the causes of dynamic articulatio genus valgus in the knee bend exercising ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) which is regarded as a important hazard factor in anterior cruciate ligament showing ( Chaudhari & A ; Andriacchi, 2006 ; Hewett et al. , 2005 ) . The median supplanting of the articulatio genus ( MKD ) is thought to be influenced by specific strength or flexibleness shortages in muscular structure at the hip and mortise joint ( Hirth & A ; Padua, 2007 ) such as stringency of sidelong gastrocnemius, soleus and peroneals which may add to tibal abduction and external rotary motion ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . Once once more though, the research detailing the existent comparative parts of the mortise joint and hip is non seen. This is one country where clinicians may make up one's mind to utilize a heel rise to distinguish the cause of MKD between hip muscular structure and lower limb muscular structure when MKD is seen when utilizing a heel rise under the calcaneous when bilaterally crouching ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . A surve y by Bell et Al ( 2008 ) looked at the lower limb causes of MKD and found that topics with inordinate MKD had 20 % less inactive mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture with a flexed articulatio genus ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . It should be noted that the topics in this survey were non wholly from athletic or physically active backgrounds with a significantly greater proportion ( n=30, men=7, women=30 ) being adult females. The presence of an increased articulatio genus valgus when decreased mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture is present facilitates the demand for farther survey into this country as a showing tool for ACL hurt bar ( Fong, Blackburn, Norcross, McGrath, & A ; Padua, 2011 ) . Outside of crouching forms, jocks with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion have been seen to incur much greater extremum landing forces after dropping or jumping ( Blackburn & A ; Padua, 2008 ; Devita & A ; Skelly, 1992 ) which is coupled with much less articulatio genus and hip supplanting. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture was besides associated with patellar sinew tendinopathies ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) in volleyball participants due to the resulting limited calf bizarre contraction ability ( Malliaras, Cook, & A ; Kent, 2006 ) . Another similar status to patellar tendinopathy that has been implicated with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion is Morbud Osgood Schlatters ( MOS ) in athleticss active kids. This status is caused by grip apophysitis of the tibial tubercle caused by insistent strain and chronic avulsion of the secondary ossification Centre of the tibial tubercle ( EHRENBORG, 1962 ) although the exact description and causing is still debated. This insistent pulling gest ure comes from the quadriceps musculus during featuring activities ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . Sarcevic ( 2008 ) theorized that limited mortise joint dorsiflexion caused compensatory actions such as increased articulatio genus flexure, tibial internal rotary motion and foot pronation during the stance stage of running ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . In this paper 42 of the 45 topics had a dorsiflexion angle of less than 10Â ° and besides had clinical diagnosing of MOS. This is simply a theory though and farther research should concentrate on using a control group to compare and therefore make causal relationships. The importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture is non merely critical for crouching motions and set downing but besides for the bar of by and large enfeebling conditions such as plantarfasciitis. Plantarfasciitis is comparatively common in physically active and athletic populations ( Kibler, Goldberg, & A ; Chandler, 1991 ) and is by and large seen as redness of the facia on the sole of the pes giving anterior heel hurting. It has been seen that when ankle dorsiflexion is limited, inordinate pronation of the pes will happen to counterbalance, thereby increasing tensile tonss on the plantar aponeurosis ( Kibler et al. , 1991 ; WRIGHT & A ; RENNELS, 1964 ) . The hazard of plantartfasciitis additions as the scope of dorsiflexion lessenings and providentially those who spend a longer sum of clip on their pess are once more at a greater hazard ( Riddle, Pulisic, Pidcoe, & A ; Johnson, 2003 ) . One of the causes of a limited dorsiflexion may be the inability of the shinbone to posterior glide decently on the flexible joint like scree ( Denegar & A ; Miller, III, 2002 ) . Lots of research is available that highlights the effectivity of anterior to posterior mobilizations of the scree on the shinbone to increase ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( Landrum, Kelln, Parente, Ingersoll, & A ; Hertel, 2008 ; van der Wees et al. , 2006 ; Vicenzino, Branjerdporn, Teys, & A ; Jordan, 2006 ) . This research was by and large performed on topics with chronic mortise joint sprain and or, instability. One of the theories postulated for the effectivity of the front tooth to posterior mobilization technique is the theory of the lockup of the scree, whereby the scree is subluxated anteriorly on the shinbone ( Mulligan B R. , 1999 ) and even though there is small published quantifiable grounds of this theory it is worthwhile cognition for the strength and conditioning manager who identifies a dorsiflexion restriction. In another paper topics who suffered recurrent mortise joint sprains and were so diagnosed with chronic mortise joint instability ( CAI ) had significantly less dorsiflexion compared to a control group when jogging ( Drewes, McKeon, Casey Kerrigan, & A ; Hertel, 2009 ) . This shortage was so postulated as a important hazard factor in jocks with CAI with recommendations to see a clinician proposed ( Drewes et al. , 2009 ) . It should besides be noted that during this survey used a 10 camera gesture analysis system intending a 3-D analysis was undertaken on topics.

The Marvels of Intellect and Creativity

Several ideas and images sprang to our mind when the name Leonardo da Vinci is mentioned. Most people associate it with famous artworks such as Mona Lisa and The Last Supper while some equate the name to the scholastic concept of the Renaissance man. Numerous accounts demonstrated Leonardo’s contribution in the field of arts and sciences, thus his name become an archetype of a genius. He fascinated the world with his advanced ideas and creative imaginations; moreover, he provided his successors with knowledge and guidelines through his discoveries and achievements. Through his intellect and creativity, Leonardo da Vinci portrayed a significant role in the evolution of modern civilizations. Leonardo da Vinci was born at the dawn of the Renaissance period. The 14th to 16th century was an interesting borderline of the Dark Ages and the Enlightenment Period that inspired Leonardo’s curiosity and observation. The Italian society in his youth was characterized by people with enthusiastic interest in learning and humanism. The concept of humanism during the Renaissance was described by Alfred Burns as â€Å"the growing self-awareness expressed in new styles in art and architecture and in the search for the vanishing intellectual treasures of an idealized classical age† (197). The promotion of humanism and self-awareness brought questions and disagreement in various aspects of society. On the other hand, the pursuance for art and architecture was supported and financed by art patrons, thus ingenious artists were recognized during the Italian Renaissance. One of the recognized advocates of art during the Italian Renaissance was Lorenzo de Medici, who became famous for making Florence a â€Å"community of pleasure† (Taylor 25). Leonardo’s interest in the arts was favored by his time for he was given the opportunity to work with the greatest artists of his era. He worked as an apprentice for Verrocchio and later on he was admitted to be a part of the Guild of Painters (Brown and Rankin 212). His early artworks were commissioned by patrons belonging to religious groups; therefore, it basically consisted of religious icons and commemorative art pieces. The early part of Leonardo’s professional life was spent in Milan, where he worked in the court of Ludovico, duke of Milan. There, he gained extensive experiences and technical skills in designing for the court’s lavish events and occasions. Rachel Taylor used to describe that â€Å"when the wave of Renaissance was crescent in Italy, the powers were five – Florence, Naples, Venice, Rome and Milan – all jealous and splendid† (99). Therefore the city’s excellence also marked Leonardo’s preeminence. During his stay in the court of the duke, he documented his learning and experiences in the field of architecture and engineering by compiling writings and detailed drawings of his designs and ideas. The so-called compilations, which are also referred to as the notebooks and manuscripts, reflected his inquisitive attitude towards the governing principles of matter and knowledge. Aside from Leonardo’s court duties, two of his significant art pieces, the Horse and the Last Supper, were also completed during his stay in the court of Milan. At the fall of the Duke’s power over Milan, Leonardo found his way back to Florence. Not long after this, he worked for Cesare Borgia, a political figure in Italy, as a military architect and engineer (Brown and Rankin 212). Taylor suggested in her book that Cesare’s policies implicated death and violence (350), thus Leonardo considered his return to Florence to work for other patrons. Upon his arrival, he was commissioned to paint the Battle of Anghiari and later on he started working on the famous Mona Lisa. Subsequently, he again visited Milan to work for the French king and according to Brown and Rankin, it was â€Å"a period when he influenced Milanese painting even more than during his early residence there† (212). He moved to Rome and stayed in the Vatican to work for the Pope and later on, he spent his time traveling to various places in Italy. He settled in France, where he spent his last days â€Å"attended by loving friends and at peace, in his chateau of Cloux, near Amboise† (Brown and Rankin 212). The grandeur of Leonardo’s time witnessed the complex transition of the Western civilization. The notion of enlightenment favored and nurtured the formation of Leonardo’s genius, and in return, he endorsed the acknowledgement for man’s potential and power of reason. Various fields of knowledge that benefited from his achievements would include the realms of art, engineering, architecture, mathematics, physics, optics, human anatomy, ornithology and aerodynamics. The Renaissance and its distinguished figures changed and influenced the culture that was formed and influenced by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The society’s classic approach of simply approving or rejecting developing doctrines and customs evolved into a modernistic method that involved analysis and critical thinking. The Enlightenment Period, together with the fame of Humanism, paved the way to scientific revolution. The intellectual reformation is considered as one of the significant events in our history for it influenced and provoked the â€Å"general mind to be more and more preoccupied with the larger problems beyond, which the new knowledge has brought fully into view† (Kidd 1). The transformation was a progressive step to a higher form of learning that encompassed the political, social, economic and religious principles of Western civilization. The propagation of self awareness and modern thinking brought positive and negative changes in the economic and social aspects of the Western civilization. The recognition of artists and notable scholars, as depicted by the fame of Leonardo da Vinci, influenced the flow of trade and commerce. In European countries like Italy, cities such as Florence, Milan and Naples flourished. On the other hand, the method of tax collection was implemented to supervise the increase in trade goods. Movements that aimed for learning and education produced interesting theories and assumptions that motivated man’s quest for truth and expansion of his horizons. The Age of Enlightenment recognized critical thinkers who became famous for contemplating and debating about avant-garde ideas (Hudson 21). Scholars and critical thinkers guided and initiated modern discoveries, inventions and innovations that improved the economy of the Western world. Moreover, political and religious controversies also emerged at the advent of scientific and critical thinking. In Europe, several ranks of power emerged in the form of monarchs, spiritual leaders, merchants and tradesmen, scholars and artisans. The period of enlightenment and the succeeding years depicted a sweeping portrayal of political and religious reformation. The concept of religion was separated from politics because of the humanist principle, which differentiate the distinct boundary between human and divine control. Humanist beliefs and principles intensified but were not universally accepted; therefore it was attacked by counter-arguments that justify the role of idealistic and religious attitudes towards politics. These contrasting views and beliefs about politics and its religious connections were highlighted in the works and theories of several Renaissance philosophers. The Age of Enlightenment introduced several Renaissance Men, who individually imparted significant marvels of intellect and creativity. And as stated by William Hudson, it was as if â€Å"their lives opened itself out to them in all its vast and varied possibilities and they were eager to enter into their great heritage† (7). There are several names from the Renaissance Age that surfaced in the course of evolution and transition of the Western civilization, but the fame of Leonardo da Vinci soared higher than the other for he exhibited exceptional qualities and eccentric fancies. The interesting and unique fusion of excellence in two exclusive areas of knowledge – the arts and sciences, was depicted by his accomplishments as a rational scientist and mystical artist. Leonardo’s paintings and art contributions were highly popular but it is interesting to note that â€Å"there only remain six of his authentic paintings, and two of them were unfinished† (qtd. in Brown and Rankin 211). His study of perspective, examination of proportion and analysis of light and shade were fundamentals of innovative and modern arts. Sketches and details of his fascinating interests were accounted in several of his notebooks entrusted at various European libraries and museums. Some of his notes reflected the complex and controversial topic of dissection, which enlightened basic issues concerning human anatomy. He declared various assertions in human proportion, one of these was his citation that â€Å"the span of a man’s outstretched arms is also equal to his height† (qtd in MacCurdy 217). He delved into unacceptable domains of his time by studying human cadavers in order to understand the unknown; moreover, his philosophy and skepticism reflected the rise of scientific thinking from the unexplained. Scientific observations of his surroundings were recorded together with his theoretical assertions and it anchored the essentials for the study of Botany and Geology. His technical experiences in the field of engineering and physics, together with the application of scientific principles contributed to the development of Western technology. Some of these contributions included his experiences in building war engines, works specializing with hydraulics, and discoveries of possible energy sources. He also provided avant-garde theories in mathematics that foretell the discoveries of modern researchers (Brown and Rankin 211). Leonardo portrayed in his manuscripts an intense fervor for aviation, which was primarily influenced by apparent observation of birds. He documented several notes containing his interest with flight and he called it the â€Å"Treatise on Birds† (qtd. in MacCurdy 211), which he divided into four parts. He continued on studying birds consequently influencing the birth of Ornithology; and at the same time, he persisted on propagating ideas about the flying machine thus providing rough beginnings for Aerodynamics. The quest for knowledge in a creative approach delineates Leonardo da Vinci in a civilization situated between the borderline of savagery and enlightenment. His accomplishments in understanding and in attempting to understand the unknown through scientific approach enhanced the basic political and cultural principles influencing a society. His triumph was earned through the synthesis of intellect and creativity, which encompassed the multiplicity of human civilization. Works Cited Brown, Alice V., and William Rankin. A Short History of Italian Painting. London: J.M.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dent & Sons, 1914. Burns, Alfred. The Power of the Written Word: The Role of Literacy in the History of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Civilization. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. Hudson, William H. The Story of Renaissance. London: Casell, 1912. Kidd, Benjamin. The Principles of Western Civilization. New York: Macmillan Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1902. MacCurdy, Edward. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (Volume 1). New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reynal & Hitchcock, 1938. Taylor, Rachel A. Leonardo the Florentine: A Study in Personality. London: Richards   Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1927.